Physical Geography (Unit 2)
Types of Rainfall: Convectional, Frontal, Orographic Rainfall
How much water vapour a parcel of air can contain before it becomes saturated (100% relative humidity) and forms into a cloud (a group of visible and tiny water and ice particles suspended above the Earth’s surface) depends on its temperature. Warmer air can contain more water vapour than cooler air before becoming saturated.
Cooling
The process of condensation begins only when the relative humidity of the ascending air becomes 100% and air is cooled through four main mechanisms to its dew point: adiabatic cooling, conductive cooling, radiational cooling, and evaporative cooling.
- Adiabatic cooling occurs when air rises and expands. The air can rise due to convection, large-scale atmospheric motions, or a physical barrier such as a mountain (orographic lift).
- Conductive cooling occurs when the air comes into contact with a colder surface, usually by being blown from one surface to another, for example from a liquid water surface to colder land.
- Radiational cooling occurs due to the emission of infrared radiation, either by the air or by the surface underneath.
- Evaporative cooling occurs when moisture is added to the air through evaporation, which forces the air temperature to cool to its wet-bulb temperature, or until it reaches saturation.
Further, we note that the very small rain drops are almost spherical in shape. As drops become larger, they become flattened on the bottom, like a hamburger bun. Very large rain drops are split into smaller ones by air resistance which makes them increasingly unstable. When water droplets fuse to create larger water droplets, it is called Coalescence. When water droplets freeze onto an ice crystal, which is known as the Bergeron process. Air resistance typically causes the water droplets in a cloud to remain stationary. When air turbulence occurs, water droplets collide, producing larger droplets. As these larger water droplets descend, coalescence continues, so that drops become heavy enough to overcome air resistance and fall as rain. Coalescence generally happens most often in clouds above freezing, and is also known as the warm rain process.
Convectional Rainfall
The convectional rainfall occurs due to the thermal convection currents caused due to the heating of ground due to insolation. The convectional rainfall is prevalent in equatorial regions. In these, the warm air rises up and expands then, reaches at a cooler layer and saturates, then condenses mainly in the form of cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds. In the equatorial regions, the precipitation due to convectional rainfall occurs in the afternoon. The rainfall is of very short duration but in the form of heavy showers.
Cyclonic / Frontal Rainfall
Frontal rainfall occurs due to the upward movement of the air caused by the convergence of different air masses with different temperatures. The warm air rises over the cold air and cyclonic rain occurs. The cold air pushes up the warm air and sky gets clear again.
Orographic Rainfall
The orographic rainfall occurs due to the ascent of air forced by the mountain barrier. The mountain barrier should be across the wind direction. So that the moist air is forced in obstruction to move upward and get cooled. In Rajasthan, the Aravalli is not an obstructing barrier to the highly moist air coming from Arabian Sea and that is why they don’t play very important role in rainfalls. Thus they produce a Rain shadow area. A rain shadow is a dry area on the lee side of a mountainous area. The mountains block the passage of rain-producing weather systems, casting a “shadow” of dryness behind them. In south India, the Mangalore is located on the western windward slope and gets 2000 mm of rainfall. But Bangalore is in rain shadow area and that is why receives less than 500 mm of rainfall.
Please note that the amount of the rainfall increases with increasing height of the barrier such as mountain, but this is up to a certain limit. After that there is a marked decrease due to lesser moisture content of the air and this phenomenon is called “Inversion of Rainfall”
Distribution of Rainfall
The regions having high temperature and abundance of water receive higher amount of rainfall, such as equatorial regions. In the subtropical regions, the western parts receive lesser rainfalls. This is due to anticyclone activities.
Mean annual rainfall for earth is 970mm. The equatorial regions receive rainfall through out the year while the other regions receive rainfall seasonally. The Mediterranean region receives rainfall during the winter generally.
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Cyclones
- A low pressure area surrounded by high pressure area from all from all the sides along with winds moving from all the sides towards central low
- Cyclones moves in Anti clockwise in N – Hemisphere & in Clockwise direction in S – Hemisphere under the effect of westerlies due to coriolis effect
- No Cyclones at equator as coriolis force is 0 there
Temperate Cyclones
- Also known as wave cyclones or Extra Tropical
- Originate mainly in zones b/w 35* – 65* N & S of latitudes
Polar Front Theory → Forms due to collision of 2 air masses of contrasting characteristics (in terms of temp. & humidity at about 60* latitude). Here they do not meet each other readily but forms a front known as polar front
- Cold air mass pushes the warm air mass upwards & a void is created due to decrease in pressure.
- Air from surrounding area rushes to fill the void & a temperate cyclone if formed
- Average speed of extra tropical cyclone is 32 km/hr in summer & 49 km/hr in winters
Tropical Cyclones
- Also known as Typhoons or Hurricanes
- Originate mainly in zones b/w 5* – 30* N & S of latitudes
- Are the violent storms that originate over oceans in tropical areas & move to coastal areas
- Bring large scale destruction, caused by violent winds, heavy rainfall & storm surges
- Favorable conditions for formation of tropical cyclones are
- Energy that intensifies the storm comes from the condensation process in towering cumulonimbus clouds, surrounding center of the storm.
- Hence, with constant supply of moisture from the sea, storm is further strengthened
- On reaching land, moisture supply is cut off & the storm dissipates
- Place where tropical cyclone crosses the land is called landfall of the cyclone
- Central low pressure is known as eye of the cyclone → Calm with subsiding air having lowest pressure & highest temp.
- Surrounding this area is zone of strong winds with clouds extending vertically
- Surrounding the eye is eye wall, a place of strong spirally ascending winds to a height reaching tropopause, having max. wind velocity
Tropical Cyclone Distribution & its various names worldwide
| Name | Country |
| Cyclone | Indian ocean, Arabian sea & Bay of Bengal |
| Hurricane | Atlantic sea (West indies) & USA |
| Typhoons | China sea + Japan sea |
| Willy Willies | Western Australia |
Difference between Tropical & Extra Tropical Cyclones
| Tropical Cyclones | Extra Tropical Cyclones |
| Moves from east to west | Moves from east to west |
| Wind velocity is very high & more destructive | Low wind velocity & less destructive |
| Originate only on sea & dissipates on reaching land | Affect much larger area & can originate on land as well as sea |
Anticyclones
- An anticycloneis just opposite to a cyclone
- Basically it is a large-scale circulation of winds around a central region of high atmospheric pressure
- Clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere
- Anticyclones are form from air masses, cooling more than their surroundings, which causes the air to contract slightly making the air denser
- Since dense air weighs more, the weight of the atmosphere overlying a location increases, causing increased surface air pressure
- Anticyclones herald fair weather, clearing skies, calm air with high temperature in summers & cold in winters
- Fog can also form overnight within a region of higher pressure
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